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Akeneo vs Salsify

Two PIM-first SaaS platforms for product content, both with AI agents and channel publishing. How Akeneo and Salsify differ on scope, data model, channels, AI, architecture and pricing, from public sources only.

  • Facts checked 23 Oct 2026
  • 52 public sources
  • No scores, no ranking

Same category, two different emphases

Akeneo logo

Akeneo

In its own words “The Product Experience (PX) company”5

A French PIM vendor with open-source roots. It sells a SaaS suite it calls the Product Cloud: the PIM at the centre, with digital asset management, supplier onboarding and channel activation around it, and since the PricingHUB acquisition in 2026, pricing as well.

Salsify logo

Salsify

In its own words “The Intelligent Product Experience Management Company”25

A Boston vendor of product experience management (PXM) software, founded in 2012 and owned by Cinven since 2026. Its multi-tenant SaaS platform pairs a PIM with syndication to retail and commerce destinations, a GDSN data pool and digital shelf analytics. Salsify says it serves brand manufacturers, distributors and retailers, and sells a separate SXM product to retailers that collect data from their suppliers.

“Both keep the product record at the centre. Choose on how your content reaches retailers, and which of those routes you want the vendor to run.”

Chris JobseCo-founder & PIM architect

What they have in common

Read the differences below against this common ground. Both are credible options for the same broad job.

  • Both are PIM-first: the product record is the core of the platform, and neither manages customer, supplier or location master data.
  • Both are sold as vendor-hosted SaaS, with REST and GraphQL APIs and an app store that lists apps from the vendor and from partners.
  • Both ship AI agents inside the PIM and open product data to outside AI tools through MCP.
  • Neither publishes a full price list, and neither sells a print module.
  • Both hold ISO/IEC 27001 certification and a SOC 2 report, and both announced Leader placements in IDC's MarketScape for PIM.

When to look beyond both

At a glance

The basic facts side by side. Every cell links to the public page it comes from.

AkeneoSalsify
Founded20131201227
HeadquartersRegistered office in Nantes, France. Offices in eight cities, including Boston and Sydney.21Boston, Massachusetts. Operations in North America, Europe and Australia.27
OwnershipVenture-backed. A $135M Series D in March 2022, led by Summit Partners with Alven and Partech, took total funding to $196M.3Cinven agreed to acquire Salsify in July 2026, with terms not disclosed. Cinven's portfolio page dates the investment September 2026.2728
Chief executiveRomain Fouache4Piyush Chaudhari, since June 20242926
Size, in the vendor's own words400+ employees, 900+ enterprise customers, 200+ partners12,000+ customers and 70,000+ active users, with about 750 million products published to 2,600 commerce destinations27
DeliverySaaS on Google Cloud. The open-source Community Edition is still released for self-hosting.1417Multi-tenant SaaS. We found no self-hosted edition.42
Published pricingGrowth shows “starting at $0” a year next to a free trial. Advanced and Premium are quote only.8No prices published. The pricing page leads to a demo request.47
Security certificationsISO/IEC 27001:2022, SOC 2 Type I14SOC 2 Type II for ProductXM and SupplierXM, ISO/IEC 2700142

Factor by factor

Eight factors, each with how the two approaches differ. Open a factor for the sourced facts and the questions to ask both vendors. Nothing here is scored.

How a capability is deliveredDescribes packaging, not quality.

  • In the platform
  • Separate module
  • Apps or partners
  • Not offered
  • Not publicly documented
01 · How they differ

Product scope and packaging

Akeneo sells more as add-ons around its packages, such as supplier onboarding, shared catalogues and commerce connectors. Salsify puts digital asset management, its channels and some digital shelf reporting in the Core Edition, and licenses GDSN, Enhanced Content, Catalog Sites and further analytics separately.

What each vendor sells around the product record, and how it is packaged. Packaging decides what is in the licence, what costs extra, and who you call when something breaks.

Core PIM

AkeneoIn the platform

The PIM sits at the centre of the Product Cloud, with Data Quality Insights.7

SalsifyIn the platform

The PIM is the central system of record of the PXM platform.31

Master data beyond products

AkeneoNot offered

Product data only: no customer, supplier or location domains in the Product Cloud line-up.7

SalsifyNot offered

Product content only: no customer, supplier or location master data domains in the PXM and SXM line-up.30

Supplier onboarding

AkeneoSeparate module

Supplier Data Manager, with templates and approval workflows. An add-on in every package.78

SalsifySeparate module

SXM Supplier Onboarding, a separate product aimed at retailers collecting product data from their suppliers.34

Digital assets

AkeneoSeparate module

A native DAM in the Product Cloud, with a built-in CDN and AI tagging.7

SalsifyIn the platform

Digital asset management is part of the Core Edition, with up to 500GB of asset storage.35

Syndication

AkeneoSeparate module

Activation. One channel is included in every package.8

SalsifyIn the platform

Channels and the retailer activation network are part of the Core Edition.35

Channel performance analytics

AkeneoSeparate module

PX Insights: one data source included in Premium, an add-on below it.8

SalsifySeparate module

Digital Shelf Analytics. Digital shelf reporting on up to 5,000 URLs a month is in the Core Edition; Buy Box, Share of Search and Reviews reports are licensed per site.3536

Sharing with partners

AkeneoSeparate module

Shared Catalogs and Digital Showroom, add-ons in every package.8

SalsifySeparate module

Catalog Sites, digital product catalogues licensed by page views, and the free Open Catalog.3531

Print and publishing

AkeneoNot offered

No print module in the Product Cloud line-up.7

SalsifyNot offered

No print module in the line-up. Catalog Sites publish digital catalogues.31

Other modules

AkeneoSeparate module

PricingHUB, acquired in June 2026, runs as a separate business unit inside Akeneo.10

SalsifySeparate module

Enhanced Content for rich media, a Grocery Accelerator and the GDSN Data Pool, each licensed separately.35

Ask both vendors

  • Which of our requirements are in the base subscription, and which are separate modules, add-ons or partner apps?
  • Who supports a partner app when it breaks: you, the partner or us?
  • Can we add a module later without a new implementation project?
02 · How they differ

Data model and governance

Akeneo organises products into families of attributes, with variants, associations and reference entities, and offers industry family templates. Salsify treats products as records with properties and digital assets, with two levels of inheritance in the Core Edition and Readiness Reports that check content against each retailer's requirements.

How products, variants and relationships are modelled, and how each platform keeps data complete and approved. This decides how much of your catalogue fits without workarounds.

Modelling approach

Akeneo

Families of attributes, variants, categories, associations and reference entities, with industry family templates.9

Salsify

Products are records with properties and digital assets. The Core Edition includes two levels of hierarchical inheritance, and attributes or validation rules can be added without redoing the schema.3532

Data quality

Akeneo

Data Quality Insights is part of the Product Cloud.7

Salsify

Validation rules in the schema, and Readiness Reports that check content against each retailer's requirements before it is sent.3233

Workflow and governance

Akeneo

Collaboration and rights features from the Advanced package, enterprise governance in Premium.8

Salsify

A no-code workflow builder with a task workspace. The Core Edition includes up to 5,000 automated workflow tasks a month.3235

Ask both vendors

  • Model our three hardest products live: a configurable item, a bundle and a spare part with fitment data.
  • How do completeness rules differ per channel and per locale?
  • What does a change to the data model cost once we are live?
03 · How they differ

Syndication and channels

Akeneo sells Activation, which it says reaches 500+ retailers and marketplaces, with one channel included in every package. Salsify's syndication network, which it puts at 2,600 commerce destinations, comes with its own GDSN Data Pool and an OpenAI channel for shopping in ChatGPT. The reach figures are the vendors' own, so check your channel list against both.

How product content leaves the PIM: to your own webshop, to marketplaces and retailers, and to commerce platforms. If the number of channels is your bottleneck, this factor weighs more than the editing screens.

Delivery to retailers and marketplaces

Akeneo

Activation, which Akeneo says reaches 500+ retailers and marketplaces.7

Salsify

A syndication network that Salsify puts at 2,600 commerce destinations, its own GS1-certified GDSN Data Pool, and an OpenAI channel for shopping in ChatGPT from October 2025.273739

Commerce platform connectors

Akeneo

Connector apps for Salesforce Commerce Cloud, Adobe Commerce and Shopify, listed as add-ons in the package table.8

Salsify

Integrations for Shopify, Salesforce B2C Commerce and BigCommerce, licensed per storefront. Adobe Commerce is also listed.3538

Ask both vendors

  • Show a live feed to one marketplace we use, including what happens when the channel rejects an item.
  • Which channel connectors do you maintain yourselves, and which do partners maintain?
  • When a retailer changes its template, who updates the mapping, and at what cost?
04 · How they differ

AI features

Both ship agents inside the PIM and an MCP route for outside AI tools. Akeneo's MCP server reads and writes products, families and assets, next to its Data Architect Agent and Agentic Ziggy; Salsify's MCP layer gives access to approved product attributes, next to its PXM Agent, Angie.

What AI does inside each product, as announced by the vendor. Vendors ship AI features several times a year, so read this as a snapshot and test on your own data.

Agents in the platform

Akeneo

Data Architect Agent from July 2025. Agentic Ziggy, a layer that coordinates specialised agents, from July 2026.1112

Salsify

Angie, which Salsify calls its PXM Agent, from October 2025 and platform-wide from May 2026. The Intelligence Suite adds AI task types to workflows.394041

AI in onboarding

Akeneo

AI extraction of product data from images and PDFs, from July 2025.11

Salsify

No AI feature named for SXM Supplier Onboarding. The Intelligence Suite extracts product data from existing assets, from October 2025.3439

Access for outside AI tools

Akeneo

An MCP server that reads and writes products, families and assets.13

Salsify

An MCP layer that gives customers' AI agents and third-party systems access to approved product attributes, announced in May 2026.40

Ask both vendors

  • Which AI features are in the subscription, and which are priced per use or per credit?
  • Run the enrichment on ten of our real products and show what a reviewer still has to correct.
  • Where is our data processed, and is it used to train models?
05 · How they differ

Architecture and integrations

Akeneo runs on Google Cloud, on a PHP and Symfony codebase that is also published as open source, with an Event Platform for change events. Salsify does not name its cloud provider or publish its stack, and offers webhooks for product, asset and import events next to its REST and GraphQL APIs.

How each platform is hosted, built, extended and connected to ERP, commerce and DAM systems. This is where IT teams spend most of their evaluation time.

Hosting

Akeneo

SaaS on Google Cloud Platform, also listed on Google Cloud Marketplace.1415

Salsify

Cloud-hosted, multi-tenant SaaS. Salsify does not name its cloud provider.4243

Technology

Akeneo

PHP and Symfony, with MySQL and Elasticsearch.16

Salsify

Not published for the platform itself. Salsify's public GitHub repositories are mostly Ruby and Rails tooling, with Ember libraries for the front end.45

APIs

Akeneo

REST (OpenAPI), GraphQL and an Event Platform for change events.19

Salsify

REST and GraphQL APIs, with webhooks for product, digital asset and import events.4344

Extensibility

Akeneo

Apps and custom apps through the App Store, plus UI extensions.19

Salsify

The PXM App Center, with Salsify modules, partner apps, enterprise integrations and workflow extensions.46

SAP S/4HANA

Akeneo

Accelerators: prebuilt iFlows that the customer imports, runs and maintains in SAP Integration Suite.21

Salsify

SAP is listed among enterprise system integrations in the PXM App Center. We found no statement on an S/4HANA-specific connector.46

Ask both vendors

  • Which connectors for our ERP and commerce platform are yours, and which are built by partners?
  • What are the API rate limits, and how long does a bulk import of our full catalogue take?
  • Where is our data hosted, and can we choose the region?
06 · How they differ

Pricing and licensing

Neither publishes a full price list. Akeneo shows an entry point for its Growth package and keeps an open-source edition; Salsify sends buyers to a demo request, and its entitlement guide caps the Core Edition at 50,000 records and 100,000 API calls a month.

How each vendor packages its offer and what moves the price. Compare offers over three to five years, including modules, connectors, partner work and your own team, not on the first-year licence.

Published prices

Akeneo

Growth shows “starting at $0” a year next to a free trial. Advanced and Premium are quote only.8

Salsify

None. The pricing page leads to a demo request.47

Packages

Akeneo

Growth, Advanced and Premium. Supplier Data Manager and Shared Catalogs are add-ons in all three.8

Salsify

Core, Enterprise and Enterprise Plus editions of the PXM Advance Platform. Enhanced Content, GDSN, Catalog Sites and Digital Shelf Analytics are licensed separately.35

Pricing unit

AkeneoNot publicly documented

Not published: no statement on whether price follows products, users or channels.

Salsify

No price unit published. The entitlement guide caps the Core Edition at 50,000 records, 500GB of asset storage and 100,000 API calls a month.35

Open source

AkeneoIn the platform

Community Edition, free under the OSL-3.0 licence. The latest release, v2026.4, came out in August 2026.17

SalsifyNot offered

No open-source edition.43

Self-hosted licence

AkeneoNot offered

Support for self-hosted Enterprise Edition 7 ended on 30 September 2026. Enterprise customers move to SaaS for SLA-backed patches.18

SalsifyNot offered

Not offered: multi-tenant SaaS only.42

Ask both vendors

  • Which metrics drive the price: products, users, channels, locales, API calls or modules?
  • How are renewals priced, and is there a cap on increases?
  • What does year three cost if our catalogue doubles?
07 · How they differ

Partners and implementation

Akeneo states 200+ partners, and its App Store mixes apps built by Akeneo and by partners. Salsify runs solution, technology and retail partner programmes, with solution partners in five tiers from Registered to Platinum.

Who implements the platform, and with what. The partner you pick shapes the project as much as the software does.

Partner network

Akeneo

200+ partners, as stated by Akeneo.1

Salsify

Solution, technology and retail partner programmes. The solution partner directory lists firms such as Accenture, VML and Sitation.4849

Partner tiers

AkeneoNot publicly documented

Not described on the pages we checked.

Salsify

Solution partners in Registered, Bronze, Silver, Gold and Platinum tiers. The directory also marks Accenture and VML as Global partners.4849

Partner-built tooling

Akeneo

The App Store lists apps built by Akeneo and by partners.20

Salsify

Partner apps in the PXM App Center, such as Vizit's Conversion Optimizer from March 2024.50

Ask both vendors

  • Which certified partners in our region have delivered a project like ours in the last two years?
  • What does your own team do during the implementation, and what is left to the partner?
  • Can we speak to two customers in our industry?
08 · How they differ

Analyst coverage

In the 2026 Gartner Magic Quadrant for PIM, Akeneo announced a Leader placement, and Gartner's report places Salsify as the only vendor in the Challengers quadrant. Both announced IDC Leader placements; at Forrester, Salsify announced a Leader placement in Q4 2023 and Akeneo a Strong Performer placement in Q2 2021.

Where analyst firms placed each vendor in recent editions, as announced by the vendor or the analyst. Analysts weigh criteria you may not share, so read this as a map of the market, not a ranking for your project.

Gartner Magic Quadrant for PIM, 2026

Akeneo

Leader, as announced by Akeneo.6

Salsify

Challenger, the only vendor in that quadrant, per Gartner's report. We found no Salsify announcement of the placement.24

IDC MarketScape, latest PIM or MDM edition

Akeneo

Leader in the IDC MarketScape for PIM for Commerce 2024-2025, as announced by Akeneo.22

Salsify

Leader in the IDC MarketScape for PIM Applications for Commerce 2024-2025, as announced by Salsify.51

The Forrester Wave, latest PIM or MDM edition

Akeneo

Strong Performer in the Q2 2021 edition. We found no Akeneo statement on the Q4 2023 edition.23

Salsify

Leader in the Q4 2023 edition, as announced by Salsify.52

Ask both vendors

  • Which of the analyst's criteria match our requirements, and where did you score lowest?

Where each tends to fit

Teams tend to shortlist Akeneo when

  • the catalogue fits families of attributes with variants and reference entities, starting from an industry template
  • suppliers send product data as PDFs and images, and onboarding needs templates and approvals of its own
  • developers already work in PHP and Symfony, or the IT landscape runs on Google Cloud
  • an open-source edition matters, for a pilot or for a self-hosted setup

Teams tend to shortlist Salsify when

  • content goes to many retailers, and each retailer's requirements should be checked before it is sent
  • GDSN data has to flow, and the data pool should come from the same vendor as the PIM
  • digital shelf reports such as Buy Box, Share of Search and Reviews should sit next to the product record
  • the company is a retailer collecting product data from its suppliers, through a product built for that
Chris JobseCo-founder & PIM architect
Stephan SpijkersCo-founder

Expert view

Akeneo or Salsify: it depends on your requirements

Side by side, Akeneo and Salsify look alike: both are PIM-first SaaS platforms for product content, both ship AI agents and an MCP route, and neither publishes a full price list. The differences show up in packaging and in how content leaves the PIM: which capabilities sit in the base package, how you reach retailers and data pools, and what your developers will work with.

Akeneo's families of attributes, open-source edition and add-on packaging suit teams that want to shape the product record themselves and add modules as they need them. Salsify's syndication network, GDSN Data Pool and digital shelf analytics suit teams whose daily work is getting content accepted by many retailers. Neither strength matters unless it answers a requirement you can name.

What works best for you depends on your unique requirements. Write them down first, then test both platforms with your own products, suppliers and retailers. Get in touch and we will gladly help you run that test with your own data, vendor-neutral.

Independent advice that starts from your requirements, not from a platform.

Recent moves

Releases, deals and leadership changes from both vendors, newest first, each with its source.

  1. Akeneo

    Akeneo says it is a Leader in the 2026 Gartner Magic Quadrant for PIM.

    The page cites the Gartner report dated 12 October 2026.

    Akeneo
  2. Akeneo

    Akeneo appoints customer success, marketing and centre of excellence leaders

    Jean Lethuillier joins as vice president of customer success, Carole Offredo as chief marketing officer, and Edouard Dewulf as senior director of the global centre of excellence.

    Akeneo
  3. Salsify

    Salsify partners with IDEA so manufacturers can publish into IDEA Connector

    The connection is in early access and replaces manual exports into the electrical industry data platform.

    Salsify
  4. Salsify

    Cinven agrees to acquire Salsify.

    Terms were not disclosed, and the deal still needs regulatory approval.

    Salsify
  5. Akeneo

    Akeneo Summer Release adds Agentic Ziggy

    The release adds an agent layer so teams can coordinate agents that enrich and govern product data.

    Akeneo
  6. Salsify

    ISG ranks Salsify second in its 2026 product experience management guide.

    Salesforce placed first and Syndigo third in that overall ranking.

    ISG
  7. Akeneo

    Akeneo acquires PricingHUB and adds pricing to its Product Cloud.

    PricingHUB continues as a dedicated business unit inside Akeneo.

    Akeneo
  8. Salsify

    Salsify launches SalsifyIQ, an intelligence layer for agentic commerce

    The launch extends the Angie assistant across the platform and adds a Model Context Protocol connection.

    Salsify

Frequently asked questions

What is the main difference between Akeneo and Salsify?

Both are PIM-first SaaS platforms for product content. Akeneo sells a modular Product Cloud on Google Cloud, keeps an open-source Community Edition and sells supplier onboarding and shared catalogues as add-ons. Salsify pairs its PIM with a syndication network, its own GDSN Data Pool and digital shelf analytics, and sells a separate SXM product to retailers. Which difference matters depends on your channels, your suppliers and your IT landscape.

Do Akeneo and Salsify publish their prices?

Partly. Akeneo's package page shows the Growth package starting at $0 a year next to a free trial, and Advanced and Premium are quote only. Salsify publishes no prices, although its entitlement guide caps the Core Edition at 50,000 records, 500GB of asset storage and 100,000 API calls a month. Ask both which metrics drive cost and compare offers over three to five years.

Can you self-host Akeneo or Salsify?

Akeneo still releases its open-source Community Edition, which you can host yourself. Support for the self-hosted Enterprise Edition 7 ended on 30 September 2026, after which Enterprise customers move to SaaS. Salsify is offered as multi-tenant SaaS only, and we found no self-hosted edition.

How do the AI features of Akeneo and Salsify compare?

Both ship AI agents inside the PIM and give outside AI tools access through MCP. Akeneo has its Data Architect Agent and Agentic Ziggy, a layer that coordinates specialised agents, and its AI extracts product data from images and PDFs. Salsify's PXM Agent, Angie, has run platform-wide since May 2026, and its Intelligence Suite adds AI task types to workflows. Release cycles are short on both sides, so test them on your own products.

Which one fits a brand manufacturer that sells through retailers?

Neither is ruled out. Salsify says it serves brand manufacturers, distributors and retailers, and its Readiness Reports check content against each retailer's requirements before it is sent. Akeneo's Activation reaches 500+ retailers and marketplaces, as Akeneo states, with one channel included in every package. Put your own retailer list to both and ask which routes each one runs itself.

How do you choose between Akeneo and Salsify?

Write down your requirements first. Then run a scripted demo in which both vendors model your own products, import a real supplier file and publish to one of your retailers. Compare the offers over three to five years, including add-ons, connectors and partner work.

Read next

How this comparison was built

We compared the two vendors on public information only: their own websites, documentation and press releases, plus reporting that names its source. We did not run either product for this page and we do not score or rank. Where a vendor does not publish something, the page says so instead of guessing.

We have a relationship with every vendor on our platform. None gets preferential treatment: all are compared in the same way, on the same factors, for our customers.

Spotted something out of date? Email info@pimvendors.com and we will check it against the source.

Sources

  1. Akeneo About us
  2. Pappers Akeneo SAS company record (RCS 790 672 588)
  3. Akeneo Akeneo announces $135 million Series D Published 15 Mar 2022
  4. IT Brief UK Akeneo names three leaders to drive AI commerce push Published 9 Oct 2026
  5. PR Newswire via Yahoo Finance Akeneo named a Leader in the 2026 Gartner Magic Quadrant for PIM Solutions Published 15 Oct 2026
  6. Akeneo 2026 Gartner Magic Quadrant for Product Information Management Solutions Published 12 Oct 2026
  7. Akeneo Akeneo Product Cloud
  8. Akeneo Compare packages
  9. Akeneo Akeneo PIM
  10. Akeneo Akeneo announces acquisition of PricingHUB Published 11 Jun 2026
  11. IT Brief Australia Akeneo unveils first AI agent and analytics tools for product data Published 30 Jul 2025
  12. Akeneo Akeneo introduces the first truly agentic product experience platform Published 8 Jul 2026
  13. Akeneo MCP server overview
  14. Akeneo Security
  15. Akeneo Akeneo available on Google Cloud Marketplace
  16. GitHub akeneo/pim-community-dev
  17. GitHub Akeneo PIM Community Edition v2026.4 Published 28 Aug 2026
  18. Akeneo Help Center Everything you need to know about our PIM versions
  19. Akeneo Akeneo API documentation
  20. Akeneo Akeneo App Store
  21. Akeneo Akeneo accelerators for S/4HANA
  22. PR Newswire IDC and Gartner recognize Akeneo as a global leader in PIM Published 4 Feb 2025
  23. Akeneo The Forrester Wave: PIM, Q2 2021
  24. Gartner Magic Quadrant for Product Information Management Solutions Published 12 Oct 2026
  25. Salsify About us
  26. Salsify Executive team
  27. Salsify Cinven, international private equity firm, to acquire Salsify, Inc. Published 22 Jul 2026
  28. Cinven Portfolio: Salsify
  29. Salsify via GlobeNewswire Salsify names Piyush Chaudhari as new CEO Published 18 Jun 2024
  30. Salsify PXM platform
  31. Salsify Product Experience Management (PXM)
  32. Salsify Salsify PIM
  33. Salsify Syndication
  34. Salsify Supplier Experience Management (SXM)
  35. Salsify Salsify definitions and entitlement guide: PXM Advance Platform, Core Edition
  36. Salsify Digital Shelf Analytics
  37. Salsify GDSN Data Pool
  38. Salsify Commerce platform integrations
  39. Salsify via GlobeNewswire Salsify AI transforms PXM ops for digital shelf and agentic commerce Published 15 Oct 2025
  40. Salsify via GlobeNewswire Salsify unveils SalsifyIQ, the first PXM intelligence layer built for agentic commerce Published 5 May 2026
  41. Salsify Angie, the Salsify PXM agent
  42. Salsify Security and reliability
  43. Salsify PXM platform, integrations and APIs
  44. Salsify Salsify developer documentation
  45. GitHub salsify
  46. Salsify PXM App Center
  47. Salsify Pricing
  48. Salsify Solution partner program
  49. Salsify Solution partner directory
  50. Salsify via GlobeNewswire Vizit and Salsify partner to deliver AI-powered Conversion Optimizer application Published 27 Mar 2024
  51. Salsify IDC MarketScape names Salsify a Leader in 2025 PIM for Commerce report Published 4 Mar 2025
  52. Salsify The Forrester Wave: Product Information Management, Q4 2023 Published 12 Dec 2023